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A huge amount of audio data is accessible to everyone by on-line or off-line information services and it is necessary to develop techniques to automatically describe and deal with this data in a meaningful way. In the particular context of music content processing it is important to take into account the melodic aspects of the sound. The goal of this article is to review the different techniques proposed for melodic description and extraction. Some ideas around the concept of melody are first presented. Then, an overview of the different ways of describing melody is done. As a third step, an analysis of the methods proposed for melody extraction is made, including pitch detection algorithms. Finally, techniques for melodic pattern induction and matching are also studied, and some useful melodic transformations are reviewed.