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%0 Journal Article
%A Hirschberg, Abraham
%A Gilbert, Joël
%A Msallam, Régis
%A Wijnands, A. P. J.
%T Shock Waves in Trombones
%D 1995
%B JASA: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
%V 99
%N 3
%P 1754-1758
%F Hirschberg95b
%K acoustique instrumentale
%K linear model
%K wind instruments
%X Based on physical models of musical instruments and of the human voice, a new generation of sound syntesizers is born: virtual instruments. The models used for wind-instruments are simple feedback loops in uhich a non-linear sound source drives a linear,filter representing the pipe of the instrument. While very rewarding musical sounds have been obtained with these models, it has become obvious that some essential phenomena escape such a description. In particular the brightness of the sound generated by trombones is expected to be due to the essential non-linearity of the wave propagation in the pipe. At fortissimo levels this leads to shock wave formation observed in our experiments both from pressure measurements and flow visualization. A modest modification of the physical model could already take this phenomenon into account. The key idea is that the non-linear effect is essential for the transfer of sound from the source towards the listener, but can be ignored in a model of the generation of the pipe oscillations.
%1 1
%2 3
%U http://articles.ircam.fr/textes/Hirschberg95b/